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Scientific American - Objets Actus

Do-It-Yourself Addiction Cures? [Scientific American Mind]
Mercredi 30 Juillet 2008 - 22:05 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
“To cease smoking is the easiest thing I ever did. I ought to know because I’ve done it a thousand times.”--Mark TwainSamuel Clemens (Twain was his nom de plume) humorously mocked his inability to end his nicotine-fueled habit. But he might have gone for Quitting Round 1,001 had he had the benefit of recent research. [More]

Treating Anxiety in Alcoholics may Reduce Cravings [Scientific American Mind]
Mercredi 30 Juillet 2008 - 22:00 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
Once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic--the saying is decades old, but scientists have only recently uncovered why it is often true. Long-term alcohol abuse changes the brain, making a person more sensitive to stress and more likely to reach for the bottle to soothe his or her anxiety. According to a new study, drugs that inhibit these stress pathways could help recovering alcoholics stay in control.Scientists at the National Institutes of Health and University College London bred mice lacking the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), a protein involved in the brain’s stress response. The mice were given unlimited access to alcohol-spiked water for 60 days, during which the alcohol content was incrementally raised from 3 to 15 percent. The NK1R-deficient mice consumed far less alcohol--especially later in the trial when alcohol concentration was higher--than the normal mice did. They were also more sensitive to alcohol’s effects than the normal mice were; studies have shown that the more sensitive a person is to alcohol, the less likely he or she is to abuse it. [More]

Gray Matters: Brain's Sleep-Time Memory Storage Gets Muddled with Age [News]
Mardi 29 Juillet 2008 - 15:30 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
A new study may help explain why people of a more advanced age forget where they put their keys, hid important documents--or even who was on hand during a recent outing. [More]

Lensless On-Chip Microscope Inspired by "Floaters" in the Eye [News]
Mardi 29 Juillet 2008 - 05:00 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
Researchers hope that a new kind of small portable microscope may give health workers the ability to quickly and cheaply scan blood for tumor cells and life-threatening parasites. [More]

Food Shortage Aid Should Start with Lessons in Agriculture [Scientific American Magazine]
Lundi 28 Juillet 2008 - 22:00 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
Global food prices have roughly doubled in three years. At the World Food Summit in Rome in early June, United Nations secretary-general Ban Ki-moon recalled that on a trip to Liberia he encountered people who had once bought rice by the bag and whose cash now suffices for a meager cupful. The current crisis means that another 100 million hungry may join the 854 million who already lack sufficient daily nourishment.An immediate response should include policies that discourage grain hoarding, that reapportion the way food aid is delivered and that ensure that subsidies for food purchases are carefully targeted to reach the truly poor. Just shipping more grain to Africa, by far the most vulnerable region, will not suffice. Over the long haul, science and technology have a big role to play. Finding nonfood substitutes for ethanol produced from corn or sugarcane would help. But the only lasting solution to hunger in Africa and elsewhere must focus on poor agricultural productivity. [More]

Africa Needs More Funds to Deliver U.N.'s Goals by 2015 Deadline (Extended version) [Scientific American Magazine]
Lundi 28 Juillet 2008 - 22:00 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
In September 2000 the world’s leaders, assembled at the United Nations, adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as shared commitments to fighting extreme poverty, hunger and disease through 2015. Halfway to the target date, there are heartening examples of dramatic progress, such as the 91 percent reduction in measles deaths in Africa and new inroads against malaria. Overall, the gains remain too slow, especially in Africa. Yet specific and accelerated investments in the poor countries can still deliver the MDGs on schedule. [More]

Fact or Fiction?: Animals Like to Get Drunk [Fact or Fiction]
Lundi 28 Juillet 2008 - 15:00 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
Stories abound about animals who have taken a nip--or 10. In 2004, Reuters reported that a black bear had passed out at the Baker Lake Resort in Washington State after binging on beer. Last October the Associated Press recounted a tale of six Indian elephants stumbling around and uprooting a utility pole, electrocuting themselves, after guzzling a homemade rice brew in the northeastern state of Meghalaya. Even Charles Darwin noted in The Descent of Man that monkeys have a “strong taste” for “spirituous liquors” and beer.Still, there is scant scientific evidence proving that animals go on benders with the naturally occurring alcohol in fermenting fruit. Quite the contrary: the few studies done seemed to indicate they had either no interest or a distinct aversion to it. But new research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows that at least a few creatures in the wilds of the Malaysian rainforest like to drink the hard stuff. [More]

NIH Official: HIV Vaccine Research "Swimming in the Dark" [News]
Lundi 28 Juillet 2008 - 13:00 - 4 mois depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
On July 17, a high-ranking official at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) pulled the plug on a hotly anticipated clinical trial for a government-funded vaccine to combat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the bug that causes full-blown AIDS. The announcement by Anthony Fauci, director of the NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), was the latest in a series of setbacks in the search for a vaccine the world has been anxiously awaiting for more than two decades. [More]

News Bytes of the Week--Cell phones: The new cigarettes? [News]
Vendredi 25 Juillet 2008 - 16:00 - 4 mois, 1 semaine depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
Cell phones--The new cigarettes?There has been a raging debate over whether cell phones--or more specifically electromagnetic radiation that they emit--up a person's cancer risk. The latest chapter: Ronald Herberman, director of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, this week warned consumers to limit exposure to cell phone radiation--and alerted parents to beware of possible effects on their kids' developing brains. Although the evidence remains controversial, he is convinced that the radiation poses a risk to human health. As he pointed out, a number of countries, including France, Germany and India, have already issued such warnings to their citizens. Herberman outlined 10 ways to reduce exposure. Among them: reduce cell phone use, use a hands-free earpiece, switch ears while chatting to limit radiation concentration in one spot, and avoid using mobile phones in public places to limit second-hand radiation. In particular, he cautions parents about the possible effects of cell phone radiation on children. He indicates that kids should only be allowed to use these devices in cases of emergency, as their developing brains are more likely to be susceptible to possible side effects. He said recent studies indicate that "living tissue is vulnerable to electromagnetic fields within the frequency bands used by cell phones." Worried? Perhaps you should be. But that doesn't mean you should hang up altogether, Herberman says. As he noted in his memo: "Our society will no longer do without cell phones." But he says there's enough biological data to indicate that consumers should take precautions. Herberman also called on the cell phone industry to improve current technologies to limit radiation risks. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration did not respond to requests for comment, but the agency says on its Web site that no clear link exists between cell phone usage and cancer. [More]

Aging May Be Controlled by Brake and Accelerator Genes [News]
Jeudi 24 Juillet 2008 - 16:00 - 4 mois, 1 semaine depuis - Presse spécialisée - Scientific American
Can we tweak certain genes to stave off the aging process--or, conversely, to speed it up? New research indicates that it may one day be possible. [More]

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